While the gemologist may be concerned with the cut, clarity, colour and karats of diamonds, quantum researchers are interested in their ‘defects.’ Image for representation
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Customs Department’s decision on who can and cannot import diamonds is taking some of the lustre off the National Quantum Mission (NQM), a ₹6,000-crore initiative, which may allow India take the lead in the emerging field of quantum technologies.
Quantum technology is a broad term, much like ‘Artificial Intelligence,’ or ‘nano-technology’, and applicable to multiple avenues of research. It hinges on being able to exploit the ‘quantum-mechanical’ properties of matter inside the atom and develop entirely new kinds of computers, sensors and encryption systems that – proponents say – will make our existing devices primitive in comparison.
However, this also means that much knowledge on harnessing quantum technology is still being unearthed and requires highly trained scientists conducting intricate experiments on many things, including diamonds.
While the gemologist may be concerned with the cut, clarity, colour and karats of diamonds, quantum researchers are interested in their ‘defects.’ It is the unique arrangement of carbon atoms in a diamond which gives it the properties of hardness, electrical conductivity and manipulation of light. However, the atomic structure of some diamonds sometimes have two missing carbon atoms. They are substituted by a nitrogen atom as well as a ‘hole’ or what is called a ‘nitrogen-vacancy’ centre.
These “centres’ are very sensitive to the slightest variations in magnetic fields and thereby open vistas of investigation. An electron at such a centre can be individually tweaked and made to behave like a qubit. Qubits –analogous to the bits and bytes of classical computers – are the logic states of quantum computers and in theory allow calculations, beyond the capacity of existing supercomputers, to be done in a trice.
Grown with ‘defects’
Researchers can also use lasers at room temperatures to manipulate these centres – a property that is not very common in other elements and materials. However, unlike the diamonds in jewellery shops, scientists prefer their diamonds grown in a lab and customised with ‘defects’ of their choice.
In the Union Budget 2023, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a scheme to promote research and development of lab-grown diamonds in India. Indistinguishable from natural diamonds, they are said to be environmentally and ethically more benign. Much like culturing microbes, lab-diamonds are grown after being ‘seeded’ with natural diamonds. India, despite being a formidable industry in cutting and polishing diamonds, has only just begun manufacturing diamonds in a few places. Indian diamantaires aren’t yet equipped to make diamonds with quantum-research-ready ‘defects.’ And this is a problem for scientists.
“The diamonds with the appropriate defects have to be imported from Europe or the United States. However, my institution – being a research facility – cannot import these diamonds as we are not classified as gemologists according to India’s customs laws. While there are import and export companies in India who are licensed to import diamonds, this increases costs by 20% to 30%. The result is that much of my research on quantum sensing (requiring these diamonds) have stopped,” a quantum-researcher from one of the Indian Institutes of Technology, who did not wish to be named, told The Hindu. “We’ve at the institutional level raised this with the Customs Department and the Ministry of Science and Technology for years but nothing has happened.”
A survey-report last week by Bengaluru-based consultancy, Itihaasa, on the state of quantum-technology research in India, anonymously interviewed multiple senior scientists from various institutions – the IITs, the Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER). One of the points mentioned in the report was “…a disconnect between the scientific departments of the government and the Customs Department on the difference between artificial diamonds for R&D and for jewellery. It often takes months to release these artificial diamonds and requires multiple back and forth between the Principal Investigators, Department of Science and Technology, and Customs (Department).”
At the launch of this report in Delhi, Dr. Ajay Sood, Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, and Dr. Abhay Karandikar, Secretary, DST, said that the matter was “being looked into.”
The Ministry of Science and Technology has announced plans to make quantum computers of 50 to 1,000 qubits by the end of the decade. However, quantum computers globally are far from being useful devices because maintaining electrons – like in the ‘defect diamonds’ – in their qubit like states is a daunting challenge.