The findings presented here are from a survey conducted between March and April 2022 among 1,522 citizens across five states – Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. This is a collaborative study organized by the Lokniti-Center for the Study of Developing Societies. (CSDS) with King’s India Institute, Royal Holloway (University of London) and Center for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP). The survey was funded by British Academy small grant SRG21\211431.
These five states were selected because they represent a range of overall health outcomes, have a public/private health care mix, and are governed by different political parties. In each state, three districts were selected for sampling based on their performance on various health indicators. Four locations—two villages, one town and one district headquarters—were selected from each district. From each location, enumerators were instructed to interview 25 respondents at random. In total, 100 interviews were conducted per district, comprising 300 interviews from each state. A random sampling method was used to select a household and quota sampling was used to select a respondent. For mapping the profile of respondents, we provided a sheet with pre-defined quotas of age and gender.
The interviews were conducted face-to-face in the homes of people, mostly students from various colleges and universities, by specially trained field investigators. A specially designed app (SurvecTO) was used for data collection. The questionnaire for the survey was translated into Tamil and Gujarati for Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, respectively. Hindi questionnaire was used in Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Each interview took 20-25 minutes to complete.
Rakesh Ranjan in Bihar, Sanjay Lodha in Rajasthan, Gladstone Xavier in Tamil Nadu and Shashikant Pandey in Uttar Pradesh coordinated the study. The Lokniti team constituting Jyoti Mishra, Vibha Attri, Himanshu Kapoor, Hrishikesh Yadav, Himanshu Bhattacharya, Devesh Kumar, Alia Malik and Dhananjay Kumar Singh coordinated and analyzed the data.
The study was directed by Sanjay Kumar, Suhas Palshikar and Sandeep Shastri